Auxiliary fuel tank systems for aircraft and methods for their manufacture and use

ABSTRACT

Auxiliary fuel tank systems for aircraft and methods for their manufacture and use. In one embodiment, an aircraft can include a fuselage, at least one engine, and a fuel system configured to distribute fuel to at least one of the engine and an aerial refueling manifold. The aircraft can further include an auxiliary fuel tank system operably coupled to the fuel system. The auxiliary fuel tank system can include a master tank assembly and at least one slave tank assembly. The master tank assembly can be removably installed in the fuselage, and can include a master tank body configured to hold fuel. The master tank body can be configured to pass through a door in the fuselage without disassembly. The slave tank assembly can be removably installed in the fuselage at least proximate to the master tank assembly, and can include a slave tank body configured to hold fuel.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application relates to copending U.S. patent application Nos. [Attorney Docket Nos. 03004.8113US and 03004.8114US] entitled “Auxiliary Fuel Tank Systems for Aircraft and Methods for Their Manufacture and Use,” filed concurrently herewith and incorporated herein in their entireties by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The following disclosure relates generally to aircraft fuel tank systems and, more particularly, to auxiliary fuel tank systems that can be installed in aircraft fuselages.

BACKGROUND

Commercial transport aircraft are typically designed to carry a given load of passengers, cargo, or passengers and cargo over a given range. Occasionally, however, the need arises to increase the range of the aircraft to serve other routes. Increasing the range generally requires increasing the fuel capacity of the aircraft.

Another situation in which it may be necessary to increase the fuel capacity of an aircraft occurs when the role of the aircraft changes. For example, some military aircraft may serve as aerial refueling tankers at one point in time and cargo carriers at another. In the refueling tanker role, auxiliary fuel tanks can be installed in the body (i.e., the fuselage) to increase the amount of fuel that can be off-loaded to other aircraft in flight. In the cargo carrier role, the body tanks can be removed to increase cargo capacity. Whether auxiliary fuel tanks are added to increase range or to increase fuel off-load capacity, they should be relatively easy to install and remove so that the aircraft can be quickly changed into the desired configuration.

One known type of auxiliary fuel tank system includes an auxiliary tank installed in a fuselage of an aircraft. The system uses pneumatic pressure to transfer fuel from the auxiliary tank to a center-wing tank of the aircraft. The source of the pneumatic pressure can be cabin air. Alternatively, a supplemental blower system can be used to deliver pneumatic pressure when the cabin air is not sufficient to transfer the fuel. This particular auxiliary fuel tank includes double-wall construction.

Another known type of auxiliary fuel tank system includes a group of three tanks linked together in a fuselage of an aircraft in a cascading fill/empty arrangement. Like the system described above, this system also uses pneumatic pressure to transfer fuel from the auxiliary tanks to a center-wing tank of the aircraft. In this system, however, the separate tanks are filled in sequence with the first tank overflowing into the next and continuing until all the tanks are full. Fuel is transferred out of the tanks in reverse. That is, the last tank empties first and then the next tank until all of the tanks are empty. The first tank in the group to fill is connected to the main fuel system of the aircraft. The last tank in the group to fill is connected to the aircraft vent system and the pressurization source.

A further known type of auxiliary fuel tank system includes a group of three tanks having individual fuel inlet, fuel outlet, and vent manifolds. Each tank includes individual valves to control the inflow and outflow of fuel from the tank. In addition, a single electric motor-driven fuel pump can be installed in each tank for transferring fuel out of the tank. Alternatively, pneumatic pressure from an aircraft bleed air system can be individually provided to each of the tanks for fuel transfer.

Yet another known type of auxiliary fuel tank system includes two or more auxiliary tanks ganged together with slip-together, low-level interconnects that maintain a uniform fuel level across all the tanks. Fuel is added to the tanks via a main fueling manifold of the aircraft. Pneumatic pressure from an aircraft bleed air system is used to flow fuel from the auxiliary tanks into integral aircraft fuel tanks. Venting of the auxiliary tanks is provided via existing aircraft fuel system vents.

A further known type of auxiliary fuel tank system can be found on KC-135 series aircraft. This system uses a number of flexible bladders that are permanently laced into a lower section of the fuselage structure. The bladders include low-level interconnects that allow fuel to migrate from one bladder to the next. An aircraft fueling manifold provides fuel to the bladders for filling. Motor-driven pumps are used to move fuel out of the bladders and return it to the aircraft fuel system or to an aerial refueling system. In this system, the auxiliary tank structure (i.e., the bladder) is single-wall construction.

SUMMARY

The present invention is directed generally toward auxiliary fuel tank systems for aircraft and methods for their manufacture and use. A fuel outlet manifold configured in accordance with one aspect of the invention includes a duct and a valve assembly operably coupled to the duct. The duct can include a fuel inlet configured to draw fuel out of a tank. The valve assembly can be configured to at least reduce the flow of fuel through the inlet when fuel in the tank drops to or below a selected level. In one embodiment, the valve assembly can include a valve movably positioned in the duct, and a float operably coupled to the valve. Movement of the float can cause the valve to move between a first position in which the duct is at least approximately open and a second position in which the duct is at least approximately closed.

In another aspect of the invention, the duct is a first duct having a first fuel inlet and the valve assembly is a first valve assembly operably coupled to the first duct. In this aspect, the fuel outlet manifold further includes a second duct and a second valve assembly operably coupled to the second duct. The second duct can have a second fuel inlet configured to draw fuel out of the tank. The second valve assembly can be configured to at least reduce the flow of fuel through the second fuel inlet when fuel in the tank drops to or below the selected level.

In a further aspect of the invention, the duct is a first duct configured to transfer fuel out of a first tank via a first fuel inlet, and the valve assembly is a first valve assembly operably coupled to the first duct. In this aspect, the fuel outlet manifold further comprises a second duct and a second valve assembly operably coupled to the second duct. The second duct can include a second fuel inlet configured to draw fuel out of a second tank body positioned adjacent to the first tank body. The second valve assembly can be configured to at least reduce the flow of fuel through the second fuel inlet when fuel in the second tank body drops to or below a selected level.

In yet another aspect of the invention, a method for providing fuel to at least one of an engine and an aerial refueling manifold on an aircraft includes drawing fuel through a duct having a fuel inlet positioned in an auxiliary fuel tank assembly on the aircraft. The method can further include automatically closing a valve in the duct before fuel in the tank assembly drops below the fuel inlet to avoid ingesting air or other gaseous substances into the duct. In one embodiment, automatically closing the valve in the duct includes mechanically closing a valve by movement of a float operably coupled to the valve.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a partially schematic, top isometric view of an aircraft with an auxiliary fuel tank system configured in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 2 is an enlarged isometric view of a forward tank group of the auxiliary fuel tank system of FIG. 1 configured in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 3 is an enlarged isometric view of an aft tank group of the auxiliary fuel tank system of FIG. 1 configured in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 4 is an enlarged isometric view of a tank body configured in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 5 is an enlarged isometric view of a tank body configured in accordance with another embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 6 is an enlarged isometric view of a master tank assembly of FIG. 3 illustrating features of a fuel outlet manifold configured in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

FIGS. 7A-7B are enlarged, partially hidden side elevation views of a shut-off valve assembly of the fuel outlet manifold of FIG. 6, configured in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 8 is an enlarged isometric view of the master tank assembly of FIG. 3 illustrating features of a fuel inlet manifold configured in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 9 is an enlarged isometric view of the master tank assembly of FIG. 3 illustrating features of a vent manifold configured in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 10 is an enlarged isometric view of the master tank assembly of FIG. 3 illustrating features of a fuel gauging system configured in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

FIGS. 11A-11E are schematic diagrams illustrating modular features of the present invention that enable multiple tank configurations to be assembled from a common set of components in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following disclosure describes auxiliary fuel tank systems for aircraft and methods for their manufacture and use. Certain details are set forth in the following description and in FIGS. 1-11E to provide a thorough understanding of various embodiments of the invention. Other details describing well-known structures and systems often associated with aircraft and auxiliary fuel tank systems are not set forth in the following disclosure to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the description of the various embodiments of the invention.

Many of the details, dimensions, angles, and other features shown in the Figures are merely illustrative of particular embodiments of the invention. Accordingly, other embodiments can have other details, dimensions, angles, and features without departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention. In addition, further embodiments of the invention may be practiced without several of the details described below.

In the Figures, identical reference numbers identify identical or at least generally similar elements. To facilitate the discussion of any particular element, the most significant digit or digits of any reference number refer to the Figure in which that element is first introduced. For example, element 110 is first introduced and discussed with reference to FIG. 1.

FIG. 1 is a partially schematic, top isometric view of an aircraft 100 having an auxiliary fuel tank system 110 configured in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. The aircraft 100 can include a fuselage 102, a wing 104 extending outwardly from the fuselage 102, and engines 105 (identified individually as a first engine 105 a and a second engine 105 b) attached to the wing 104 to provide propulsive thrust to the aircraft 100. The fuselage 102 can include a forward cargo compartment 106 having a forward cargo door 107 a and an aft cargo compartment 108 having an aft cargo door 107 b. In one aspect of this embodiment, the auxiliary fuel tank system 110 includes a forward fuel tank group 112 positioned in the forward cargo compartment 106 and an aft fuel tank group 114 positioned in the aft cargo compartment 108.

As described in greater detail below, both the forward and aft tank groups 112 and 114 can be operably coupled to an aircraft fuel system 130, an aircraft vent system 132, and a fuel management system (FMS) 134 (all shown schematically in FIG. 1). The FMS 134 can receive status information from the auxiliary fuel tank system 110 and transmit this information to a flight controller or a display in the cockpit of the aircraft 100. This information can include, for example, the combined total amount of fuel remaining in all of auxiliary tanks and the individual amounts of fuel remaining in each of the tanks. In addition, as further described in greater detail below, the FMS 134 can also control and monitor auxiliary fuel tank inlet and outlet systems (not shown). The aircraft vent system 132 can maintain the pressure in the auxiliary fuel tank system 110 within an acceptable operating range. The aircraft fuel system 130 can distribute fuel to the auxiliary fuel tank system 110 for filling of the forward tank group 112 and the aft tank group 114 during preflight procedures. In flight, the aircraft fuel system 130 can distribute fuel from the forward tank group 112 and the aft tank group 114 to the engines 105. In addition, the aircraft fuel system 130 can also distribute fuel from the forward tank group 112 and the aft tank group 114 to an aerial refueling system (not shown) if the aircraft 100 includes such a refueling system. Alternatively, the aircraft fuel system 130 can distribute fuel from the aerial refueling system to the forward tank group 112 and the aft tank group 114 if desired.

In another aspect of this embodiment, the forward tank group 112 includes a first master tank assembly 120 a and a first end tank assembly 122 a. The aft tank group 114 can include a second master tank assembly 120 b, a mid tank assembly 121, and a second end tank assembly 122 b. In the illustrated embodiment, the mid tank assembly 121 and the end tank assemblies 122 are all “slave” tank assemblies. As described in greater detail below, these tanks are slave tanks because they are filled and drained via equipment positioned in the corresponding “master” tanks 120.

In a further aspect of this embodiment, each of the tank assemblies 120, 121, and 122 is shaped and sized to individually fit through the cargo doors 107 without substantial disassembly. For example, referring to the forward tank group 112, the first master tank assembly 120 a is configured to pass through the forward cargo door 107 a and be removably positioned proximate to an aft bulkhead 103 a in the forward cargo compartment 106. Enough space is provided between the first master tank assembly 120 a and the bulkhead 103 a so that maintenance personnel can access the interfaces between the forward tank group 112 and the aircraft fuel system 130, the aircraft vent system 132, and the FMS 134. The first end tank assembly 122 a is also configured to pass through the forward cargo door 107 a, and is further configured to be operably coupled to the first master tank assembly 120 a. Referring to the aft tank group 114, the second master tank assembly 120 b is configured to pass through the aft cargo door 107 b and be positioned proximate to a forward bulkhead 103 b in the aft cargo compartment 108. Like the first master tank assembly 120 a, the second master tank assembly 120 b is spaced apart from the forward bulkhead 103 b so that maintenance personnel can access the interfaces between the aft tank group 114 and the aircraft fuel system 130, the aircraft vent system 132, and the FMS 134. The mid tank assembly 121 and the second end tank assembly 122 b are also configured to pass through the aft cargo door 107 b, and they are further configured to be operably coupled to the second master tank assembly 120 b in series.

The number and arrangement of auxiliary fuel tanks positioned in either the forward cargo compartment 106 or the aft cargo compartment 108 can be varied to meet particular range and/or fuel off-load requirements. For example, two auxiliary fuel tanks can be positioned in the forward cargo compartment 106 as illustrated in FIG. 1 by first moving the first master tank assembly 120 a through the first cargo door 107 a, and then positioning the first master tank 120 a proximate to the aft bulkhead 103 a. Next, the first end tank assembly 122 a can be moved through the forward cargo door 107 a and operably coupled to the first master tank assembly 120 a. Alternatively, if three auxiliary fuel tanks are needed in the forward cargo compartment 106, then the first end tank assembly 122 a can be moved forward in the forward cargo compartment 106 to clear passage for a mid tank assembly (such as the mid tank assembly 121) entering the forward cargo compartment 106 through the forward cargo door 107 a. Once the mid tank assembly is in the forward cargo compartment 106, the three auxiliary fuel tanks in the forward cargo compartment 106 can be arranged in series similar to the aft tank group 114. Similar staging sequences can be used to increase or decrease the number of auxiliary fuel tanks installed in either the forward cargo compartment 106 or the aft cargo compartment 108.

In the illustrated embodiment, both the forward tank group 112 and the aft tank group 114 are positioned outside a five-degree rotor burst cone (not shown) of the engines 105 in compliance with applicable regulatory standards. However, the first master tank assembly 120 a can be positioned within a broader 15-degree engine rotor burst cone (also not shown). Accordingly, in one aspect of this embodiment, the forward cargo compartment 106 can include shielding if necessary to adequately protect the first master tank assembly 120 a from a rotor burst. In addition or as an alternative, the first master tank assembly 120 a can include reinforced tank walls to prevent a rupture in the event of a rotor burst. In another embodiment, the proximity of the second master tank assembly 120 b to a landing gear system (not shown) of the aircraft 100 may make it susceptible to damage in the event of a landing gear collapse. In such an embodiment, the second master tank assembly 120 b can be made smaller than the corresponding slave tank assemblies 121 and 122 to prevent damage to the second master tank assembly 120 b in the event of a landing gear collapse.

The auxiliary fuel tank system 110 illustrated in FIG. 1 represents but one possible auxiliary fuel tank arrangement within the scope of the present disclosure. Accordingly, in other embodiments, other numbers of fuel tanks in other arrangements can be used. For example, in one other embodiment, the forward tank group 112 can include only the first master tank assembly 120 a and/or the aft tank group 114 can include only the second master tank assembly 120 b. In another embodiment, one or more of the master tank assemblies 120 can be the outermost tanks in the respective tank groups, rather than the inner-most as illustrated in FIG. 1. In a further embodiment, the forward tank group 112 can be positioned forward in the forward cargo compartment 106 rather than aft, and/or the aft tank group 114 can be positioned aft in the aft cargo compartment 108 rather than forward.

FIG. 2 is an enlarged isometric view of the forward tank group 112 configured in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. In one aspect of this embodiment, the first master tank assembly 120 a (“the master tank assembly 120 a”) includes a first tank body 225 a, and the first end tank assembly 122 a (“the end tank assembly 122 a”) includes a second tank body 225 b. The tank bodies 225 are the fuel-carrying portions of the corresponding tank assemblies 120 and 122, and are shown in phantom line in FIG. 2 for purposes of clarity. In one embodiment, the first tank body 225 a and the second tank body 225 b can be at least approximately identical. That is, they can have the same basic structural configuration. As explained in greater detail below, utilizing common tank structures in this manner can significantly reduce manufacturing and assembly costs associated with auxiliary fuel tank systems.

In a further aspect of this embodiment, the forward tank group 112 includes a fuel system interface 231 configured to be operably coupled to the aircraft fuel system 130 (FIG. 1). As described in greater detail below, the fuel system interface 231 serves as a dual purpose fuel inlet/outlet for the forward tank group 112. For example, fuel can flow into the master tank assembly 120 a and the end tank assembly 122 a from the fuel system interface 231 via a fuel inlet manifold 240. The fuel inlet manifold 240 is configured so that both of the tank assemblies can be filled at approximately the same time, i.e., at least approximately simultaneously. Conversely, fuel can flow out of the master tank assembly 120 a and the end tank assembly 122 a through the fuel system interface 231 via a fuel outlet manifold 230. The fuel outlet manifold 230 is configured so that both of the tank assemblies can be drained at approximately the same time, i.e., at least approximately simultaneously.

The fuel outlet manifold 230 extends into both the master tank assembly 120 a and the end tank assembly 122 a, and is coupled together by a first tank interconnect 232 a bridging the gap between the two fuel tanks. Similarly, the fuel inlet manifold 240 extends into both the master tank assembly 120 a and the end tank assembly 122 a, and is coupled together by a second tank interconnect 232 b. The tank interconnects 232 can provide sealed interfaces between adjacent fuel tanks and corresponding sections of the fuel outlet manifold 230. In one embodiment, they can have double-wall construction and can include telescoping and gimbaling features that accommodate relative misalignment or motion between the fuel tanks.

In yet another aspect of this embodiment, the forward tank group 112 includes a vent system interface 251 configured to be operably connected to the aircraft vent system 132 (FIG. 1). As described in greater detail below, the vent system interface 251 provides venting of the master tank assembly 120 a and the end tank assembly 122 a via a vent manifold 250. The vent manifold 250 extends into both the master tank assembly 120 a and the end tank assembly 122 a, and is coupled together by a third tank interconnect 232 c.

In a further aspect of this embodiment, the forward tank group 112 includes an FMS interface 261 configured to be operably coupled to the FMS 134 (FIG. 1). As described in greater detail below, the FMS interface 261 can transmit various fuel tank status information from the forward tank group 112 to the FMS 134 for use by a pilot or a flight computer. Such information can include, for example, usable fuel remaining in the forward tank group 112 as measured by a fuel gauging system 260.

FIG. 3 is an enlarged isometric view of the aft tank group 114 configured in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. In one aspect of this embodiment, many portions of the aft tank group 114 are at least generally similar in structure and function to corresponding portions of the forward tank group 112 described above with reference to FIG. 2. For example, the second master tank assembly 120 b can be at least generally similar in structure and function to the first master tank assembly 120 a. Accordingly, the second master tank assembly 120 b can include an aircraft fuel system interface 331, an aircraft vent system interface 351, and an FMS interface 361 that are at least generally similar in structure and function to the corresponding portions of the first master tank assembly 120 a. Similarly, the second end tank assembly 122 b (“the end tank assembly 122 b”) can be at least generally similar in structure and function to the first end tank assembly 122 a. One clear difference between the forward tank group 112 of FIG. 2 and the aft tank group 114, however, is the addition of the mid tank assembly 121.

In a further aspect of this embodiment, many portions of the mid tank assembly 121 are at least generally similar in structure and function to corresponding portions of the end tank assembly 122 b. One difference between these two tank assemblies, however, is that a number of extensions can be added to the vent and fuel system manifolds in the mid tank assembly 121 to extend the manifolds for coupling to the end tank assembly 122 b. For example, outlet manifold extensions 332 a can be added to the fuel outlet manifold 230, and inlet manifold extensions 332 b can be added to the fuel inlet manifold 240. Similarly, vent manifold extensions 332 c can be added to the vent manifold 250. In addition to the manifold extensions 332, additional tank interconnects 232 are also required to operably couple the mid tank assembly 121 to the end tank assembly 122 b.

One feature of embodiments described above and illustrated in FIGS. 1-3 is that both of the tanks in the forward tank group 112 (FIG. 1) can be filled and/or drained at least approximately simultaneously, and all three of the tanks in the aft tank group 114 can be filled and/or drained at least approximately simultaneously. One advantage of this feature over other tank systems that fill and drain in a cascading manner is that it can enable the auxiliary fuel tank system 110 (FIG. 1) to maintain a more consistent center of gravity location as the fuel tanks are being filled and drained. Another advantage of this feature is that it can enable the forward tank group 112 and the aft tank group 114 to be filled and/or drained at a higher rate than comparably sized tanks that fill and drain in a cascading manner.

FIG. 4 is an enlarged, isometric view of the tank body 225 configured in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. In one aspect of this embodiment, the tank body 225 is of double-wall construction and includes an outer tank skin 442 and an inner tank skin 441. The inner skin 441 can act as a fuel-carrying membrane that can be configured to carry at least about 250 gallons of fuel. For example, in one transport aircraft embodiment, the tank body 225 can be configured to carry at least about 750 gallons of fuel. In another such embodiment, the tank body 225 can be configured to carry at least about 1000 gallons of fuel. In other embodiments, the tank body 225 can be configured to carry more or less fuel, depending on the particular needs of the aircraft and on any limiting physical dimensions of the aircraft. Such limiting physical dimensions can include, for example, cargo compartment dimensions and door opening dimensions. The outer skin 442 can provide a redundant fuel barrier to safeguard against leaks and protect the inner skin 441 from external damage.

In another aspect of this embodiment, the tank body 225 includes a top access port 453 and a side access port 452. The top access port 453 can include an outer top door 454 a and an inner top door 454 b. The outer top door 454 a can removably cover a corresponding aperture in the outer tank skin 442. The inner top door 454 b can be positioned directly below the outer top door 454 a, and can removably cover a corresponding aperture in the inner tank skin 441. Removal of the top doors 454 can provide access to the interior of the tank body 225 for inspection or maintenance of one or more of the systems installed within as described in greater detail below.

The side access port 452 can include an outer side door 455 a and an inner side door 455 b. The outer side door 455 a can removably cover a corresponding aperture in the outer tank skin 442. Removal of the outer side door 455 a can provide access to a dry bay 458 extending between the outer tank skin 442 and the inner tank skin 441. As described in greater detail below, a number of fuel tank interface controls can be housed in the dry bay 458 so that they can be easily accessed by maintenance personnel if needed when the tank body 225 is full of fuel. The inner side door 455 b can be positioned directly inboard of the outer side door 455 a, and can removably cover a corresponding aperture in the inner tank skin 441. Removal of the inner side door 455 b can provide additional access to the interior of the tank body 225. In a further aspect of this embodiment, the inner tank skin 441 forms a fuel sump 446 extending downwardly from the bottom of the tank body 225. As further described in detail below, use of the fuel sump 446 helps to reduce the amount of fuel remaining in the tank body 225 after draining.

In yet another aspect of this embodiment, the tank body 225 includes a first end wall 443 a and an opposite second end wall 443 b. In the illustrated embodiment, the end walls 443 have profiles that maximize the available cross-sectional space in the aircraft cargo compartment. Accordingly, in this embodiment, the end walls 443 include beveled corner portions 445 toward the bottom of the tank body 225 that follow the contour of the cargo compartment. As mentioned above, in other embodiments, the tank body 225 can be made smaller and/or narrower to prevent damage during a landing gear collapse. In such embodiments, the beveled corner portions 445 are not required and the end walls 443 can accordingly be rectangular in shape.

In a further aspect of this embodiment, the first end wall 443 a includes two fuel outlet apertures 432 a, two fuel inlet apertures 432 b, and two vent apertures 432 c. These apertures are configured to accommodate passage of the fuel outlet manifold 230, the fuel inlet manifold 240, and the vent manifold 250, respectively, described above with reference to FIGS. 2 and 3. The second end wall 443 b can include the same complement of apertures described above for the first end wall 443 a. In addition, however, the second end wall 432 b can further include a fuel system aperture 431, a vent system aperture 451, and an FMS aperture 461. As described above with reference to FIG. 2, these apertures are configured to accommodate passage of corresponding aircraft interfaces (i.e., the fuel system interface 231, the vent system interface 251, and the FMS interface 261 shown in FIG. 2).

One feature of the embodiment described above and illustrated in FIG. 4 is that the apertures 432 are common to both the first end wall 443 a and the second end wall 443 b. As described in greater detail below, one advantage of this feature is that a single tank body configuration (i.e., the tank body 225) can be used to construct the master tank assembly 120, the mid tank assembly 121, or the end tank assembly 122. If some of the end wall apertures are not used for a particular tank configuration, those apertures can be sealed with a suitable cover.

FIG. 5 is an enlarged isometric view of a tank body 525 configured in accordance with another embodiment of the invention. Many aspects of the tank body 525 can be at least generally similar in structure and function to the tank body 225 describe above with reference to FIG. 4. In one particular aspect of this embodiment, however, the tank body 525 includes a first end wall 543 a and an opposite second end wall 543 b that are at least generally rectangular in shape and smaller than the corresponding end walls 443 of the tank body 225. As described above, in one embodiment, the smaller tank body 525 can be used for a master or slave tank assembly when the tank assembly is installed in a position that could be susceptible to damage from landing gear collapse.

FIG. 6 is an enlarged isometric view of the second master tank assembly 120 b (“the master tank assembly 120 b”) of FIG. 3 illustrating features of the fuel outlet manifold 230 configured in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. Selected internal components of the master tank assembly 120 b, such as the fuel inlet manifold 240, the vent manifold 250, and the fuel gauging system 260, have been omitted from FIG. 6 for purposes of clarity. In one aspect of this embodiment, the fuel outlet manifold 230 includes a master tank portion 670 that is unique to the master tank assembly 120 b, a basic tank portion 660 that is common to all master and slave tank assemblies, and an extension portion 632 that interconnects the basic tank portion 660 to other basic tank portions 660 positioned in adjacent tank assemblies.

In another aspect of this embodiment, the master tank portion 670 of the fuel outlet manifold 230 is operably coupled to a dual-purpose fuel inlet/outlet manifold 671. The fuel inlet/outlet manifold 671 includes the aircraft fuel system interface 331, and bifurcates into a first branch 673 a and a corresponding second branch 673 b. Each branch 673 of the fuel inlet/outlet manifold 671 can include an inlet manifold interface 678 (identified individually as a first inlet manifold interface 678 a and a second inlet manifold interface 678 b). As described below in reference to FIG. 8, the inlet manifold interfaces 678 are configured to be operably coupled to corresponding branches of the inlet manifold 240 (not shown).

In a further aspect of this embodiment, each branch 673 of the fuel inlet/outlet manifold 671 also includes an outlet manifold interface 679 (identified individually as a first outlet manifold interface 679 a and a second outlet manifold interface 679 b). The first outlet manifold interface 679 a can be operably coupled to a corresponding first branch 675 a of the master tank portion 670. Similarly, the second outlet manifold interface 679 b can be operably coupled to a corresponding second branch 675 b of the master tank portion 670. Each branch 675 of the master tank portion 670 can include a pump outlet check valve 676 (identified individually as a first pump outlet check valve 676 a and a second pump outlet check valve 676 b) operably coupled in series to a fuel transfer pump 672 (identified individually as a first fuel transfer pump 672 a and a second fuel transfer pump 672 b). Because they are positioned within the inner tank volume of the master tank assembly 120 b and exposed to fuel, the fuel transfer pumps 672 of the illustrated embodiment can be hydraulically driven. In other embodiments, such as embodiments in which the fuel transfer pumps 672 are positioned within a dry bay 458 of the master tank assembly 120 b, the fuel transfer pumps 672 can be electrically driven.

In yet another aspect of this embodiment, a pump pressure switch 674 is operably coupled to each of the fuel transfer pumps 672 and is accessibly mounted in the dry bay 458. The pump pressure switches 674 can be operably connected to the FMS 134 (FIG. 1) through a control and monitoring interface (not shown), and can provide a corresponding signal when the fuel transfer pumps 672 are operating. Placing the pump pressure switches 674 in an accessible portion of the dry bay 458 enables them to be inspected or replaced without entering the interior portion of the master tank assembly 120 b.

In a further aspect of this embodiment, the basic tank portion 660 of the fuel outlet manifold 230 includes a first fuel inlet duct 661 a operably coupled to the first branch 675 a of the master tank portion 670 and a second fuel inlet duct 661 b operably coupled to the second branch 675 b of the master tank portion 670. Each of the fuel inlet ducts 661 can include a corresponding fuel inlet 662 positioned at least generally within the fuel sump 446. As described in greater detail below, in a further aspect of this embodiment, each fuel inlet 662 can include a corresponding shutoff valve assembly 664 configured to close the corresponding fuel inlet 662 before the fuel inlet 662 loses prime, that is, before the fuel level in the tank falls below the fuel inlet 662. Closing the fuel inlet 662 while it is still submerged in fuel can prevent the fuel outlet manifold 230 from ingesting air. This can minimize loss of pump prime when any one of two or more tanks in a tank group empties before one or more of the other tanks in the group. Accordingly, when fuel is no longer available in one of the tanks, the corresponding fuel inlets 662 close to isolate the tank from the others in the group.

In a further aspect of this embodiment, the extension portion 632 of the fuel outlet manifold 230 includes two outlet manifold extensions 332 a. Each of the outlet manifold extensions 332 a can be operably coupled to a corresponding one of the fuel inlet ducts 661. As described above with reference to FIG. 3, the outlet manifold extensions 332 a can extend the fuel outlet manifold 230 into an adjacent fuel tank assembly, such as the mid tank assembly 121 or an end tank assembly 122 (FIGS. 2 and 3).

When fuel is being flowed into the master tank assembly 120 b through the fuel system interface 331, the pump outlet check valves 676 on the outlet manifold 230 are closed causing the fuel to flow into the inlet manifold 240 (FIGS. 2 and 3) via the inlet manifold interfaces 678. Conversely, when it is desired to draw fuel from the master tank assembly 120 b, the pump outlet check valves 676 are opened and the fuel transfer pumps 672 pump fuel out of the master tank assembly 120 b via the fuel inlet ducts 661. Concurrently, the fuel transfer pumps 672 are also pumping fuel out of any adjoining tanks (e.g., the mid tank assembly 121 and the end tank assembly 122 of FIG. 3) via the outlet manifold extensions 332 a. As fuel is being pumped out of the master tank assembly 120 b through the fuel inlet/outlet manifold 671, shutoff valves on the fuel inlet manifold 240 (not shown) are accordingly closed to prevent the fuel from back-flowing into the tanks via the inlet manifold 240.

FIGS. 7A-7B are enlarged, partially hidden side elevation views of the shutoff valve assembly 664 of FIG. 6 configured in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. Referring first to FIG. 7A, in one aspect of this embodiment, the shutoff valve assembly 664 includes a float 763 operably coupled to a valve 765 via a linkage 766. The valve 765 can be positioned inside the fuel inlet duct 661, and can be a butterfly type configured to rotate about a shaft 767 as the position of the float 763 changes. When fuel in the tank is at or above a first fuel level 731, the float 763 maintains the valve 765 in a fully open position as shown in FIG. 7A.

Referring next to FIG. 7B, as the fuel level drops from the first fuel level 731 toward a second fuel level 732, the float 763 moves downwardly causing the valve 765 to begin rotating about the shaft 767 toward a closed position. When the fuel level reaches the second fuel level 732, the valve 765 is at least approximately fully closed as shown in FIG. 7B. At this point, the fuel inlet 662 is still submerged, thereby preventing the fuel inlet duct 661 from ingesting air or other gaseous substances occupying the space in the fuel tank above the fuel. Even if the fuel level drops to a third fuel level 733, the fuel inlet 662 will still be submerged. Accordingly, the distance between the second fuel level 732 and the third fuel level 733 corresponds to a buffer between a closed valve position and an uncovered inlet position. In a further aspect of this embodiment, by positioning the fuel inlet 662 and the corresponding shutoff valve assembly 664 in the fuel sump 446, the amount of fuel remaining in the tank after draining is minimized.

The shutoff valve assembly 664 is but one type of mechanical shutoff valve that can be used with the fuel outlet manifold 230 to avoid losing prime on one or more of the fuel transfer pumps 672. In other embodiments, other types of shutoff valves can be used. For example, in one other embodiment, an electrically actuated valve can be used. In a further embodiment, a hydraulically actuated valve can be used. In still further embodiments, the shutoff valve assembly 664 can be omitted and, instead, a fuel level sensor can be used to command a valve, such as an electrically actuated valve, to close the corresponding fuel inlet before the fuel level drops below the inlet.

FIG. 8 is an enlarged isometric view of the master tank assembly 120 b of FIG. 3 illustrating features of the fuel inlet manifold 240 configured in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. Selected internal components of the master tank assembly 120 b, such as the vent manifold 250 and the fuel gauging system 260, have been omitted from FIG. 8 for purposes of clarity. In addition, the fuel outlet manifold 230 of FIG. 6 (which is normally coupled to the fuel inlet/outlet manifold 671 at the outlet manifold interfaces 679) is also not shown in FIG. 8 for purposes of clarity. In one aspect of this embodiment, the fuel inlet manifold 240 includes a master tank portion 870 that is unique to the master tank assembly 120 b, a basic tank portion 860 that is common to all master and slave tank assemblies, and an extension portion 832 that interconnects the basic tank portion 860 to other basic tank portions 860 positioned in adjoining tank assemblies.

In another aspect of this embodiment, the master tank portion 870 of the fuel inlet manifold 240 includes a first branch 873 a operably coupled to the fuel inlet/outlet manifold 671 at the first inlet manifold interface 678 a and a second branch 873 b operably coupled to the fuel inlet/outlet manifold 671 at the second inlet manifold interface 678 b. Each branch 873 of the master tank portion 870 can include a primary fueling valve 872 (identified individually as a first primary fueling valve 872 a and a second primary fueling valve 872 b) operably coupled in series to a secondary fueling valve 874 (identified individually as a first secondary fueling valve 874 a and a second secondary fueling valve 874 b). In addition, each branch 873 of the fuel inlet manifold 240 can also include a refuel shutoff pressure switch 891 and a ground fueling solenoid valve 892 positioned in the dry bay 458. The refuel shutoff pressure switch 891 and the ground fueling solenoid valve 892 can be operably coupled between the secondary fueling valve 874 and a corresponding pilot float valve 894. The pilot float valve 894 is configured to command the secondary fueling valve 874 closed when the fuel in the tank rises above the pilot float valve 894, thereby stopping the flow of fuel into the master tank assembly 120 b. If desired, the ground fueling solenoid valve 892 can be used to override the pilot float valve 894 and increase the fuel level in the master tank assembly 120 b above that normally allowed by the pilot fuel valve 894. The refuel shutoff pressure switch 891 can be configured to send a signal to the FMS 134 (FIG. 1) corresponding to the position of the secondary fueling valve 874, that is, corresponding to whether the secondary fueling valve 874 is open or closed.

In a further aspect of this embodiment, the master tank portion 870 of the fuel inlet manifold 240 can also include a solenoid pre-check valve 896 positioned within the dry bay 458. The solenoid pre-check valve 896 can be operably coupled to both of the pilot float valves 894. The solenoid pre-check valve 896 can provide a means for verifying that the pilot float valves 894 are functioning properly. For example, in one embodiment, the solenoid pre-check valves 896 can be commanded through the FMS 134 (FIG. 1) to rapidly fill the pilot float valves 894 with fuel to verify that they cause the secondary fueling valves 874 to close properly. The FMS 134 can control the primary fueling valves 872, the solenoid pre-check valves 896, the ground fueling solenoid valves 892, and the shutoff pressure switch 891 through the FMS interface 261 described above with reference to FIG. 2.

In yet another aspect of this embodiment, the basic tank portion 860 of the fuel inlet manifold 240 includes a first fuel outlet duct 861 a operably coupled to the first branch 873 a of the master tank portion 870 and a second fuel outlet duct 861 b operably coupled to the second branch 873 b of the master tank portion 870. In the illustrated embodiment, each of the fuel outlet ducts 861 includes a piccolo tube 862 (identified individually as a first piccolo tube 862 a and a second piccolo tube 862 b) having a plurality of fuel outlets 863. The fuel outlets 863 distribute incoming fuel into the interior of the master tank assembly 120 b.

In a further aspect of this embodiment, the extension portion 832 of the fuel inlet manifold 240 includes two inlet manifold extensions 332 b. Each of the inlet manifold extensions 332 b can be operably coupled to a corresponding one of the fuel outlet ducts 861. As described above with reference to FIG. 3, the inlet manifold extensions 332 b can extend the fuel inlet manifold 240 into an adjoining fuel tank assembly, such as the mid tank assembly 121 or an end tank assembly 122 (FIGS. 2 and 3).

To fill the master tank 120 b and any corresponding slave tanks (not shown) with fuel, the primary and secondary fueling valves 872 and 874 are opened and fuel is introduced into the fuel inlet/outlet manifold 671 via the fuel system interface 331. From the inlet/outlet manifold 671, the fuel flows past the opened primary fueling valves 872 and the opened secondary fueling valves 874 to the fuel outlet ducts 861. From there, the fuel flows into the master tank assembly 120 b from the corresponding piccolo tubes 862. Concurrently, the fuel also flows to any adjoining tanks (e.g., the mid tank assembly 121 and the end tank assembly 122 of FIG. 3) via the inlet manifold extensions 332 b. As fuel is being flowed into the master tank assembly 120 b through the fuel inlet/outlet manifold 671, the pump outlet check valves 676 (FIG. 6) on the fuel outlet manifold 230 are accordingly closed to prevent the fuel from back-flowing into the fuel transfer pumps 672 (also FIG. 6).

FIG. 9 is an enlarged isometric view of the master tank assembly 120 b of FIG. 3 illustrating features of the vent manifold 250 configured in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. Selected internal components of the master tank assembly 120 b, such as the fuel inlet manifold 240, the fuel outlet manifold 230, and the fuel gauging system 260 have been omitted from FIG. 9 for purposes of clarity. In one aspect of this embodiment, the vent manifold 250 includes a master tank portion 970 that is unique to the master tank assembly 120 b, a basic tank portion 960 that is common to all master and slave tank assemblies, and an extension portion 932 that interconnects the basic tank portion 960 to other basic tank portions 960 positioned in adjoining tank assemblies.

In another aspect of this embodiment, the master tank portion 970 of the vent manifold 250 includes a first branch 971 a and a second branch 971 b extending outwardly from the vent system interface 251. The basic tank portion 960 of the vent manifold 250 can include a first vent duct 961 a operably coupled to the first branch 971 a and a second vent duct 961 b operably coupled to the second branch 971 b. The extension portion 932 of the vent manifold 250 can include two vent manifold extensions 332 c. Each of the vent manifold extensions 332 c can be operably coupled to a corresponding one of the vent ducts 961. As described above with reference to FIG. 3, the vent manifold extensions 332 c can extend the vent manifold 250 into an adjoining fuel tank assembly, such as the mid tank assembly 121 or an end tank assembly 122 (FIGS. 2 and 3).

In a further aspect of this embodiment, each of the vent ducts 961 includes a first vent port 962 a and a second vent port 962 b. In the illustrated embodiment, the first vent port 962 a remains open at all times, but the second vent port 962 b includes a vent float valve 964 configured to close the second vent port 962 b if the fuel level rises above the second vent port 962 b. The arrangement of the vent float valves 964 can minimize the amount of fuel flowing into the vent manifold 250 as the fuel sloshes around in the master tank assembly 120 b.

FIG. 10 is an enlarged isometric view of the master tank assembly 120 b of FIG. 3 illustrating features of the fuel gauging system 260 configured in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. Selected internal components of the master tank assembly 120 b, such as the fuel inlet manifold 240, the fuel outlet manifold 230, and the vent manifold 250 have been omitted from FIG. 10 for purposes of clarity. In one aspect of this embodiment, the fuel gauging system 260 includes four fuel probes or fuel gauges 1060 mounted toward respective corners of the master tank assembly 120 b. The plurality of fuel gauges 1060 can be operably connected to the FMS interface 261 to provide fuel volume information to the aircraft FMS 134 (FIG. 1).

FIGS. 11A-11E are schematic diagrams illustrating modular features of the present invention that enable at least three different tank configurations to be assembled from the same basic set of components. Referring first to FIG. 11A, a tank assembly sequence in accordance with one embodiment of the invention can begin with the basic tank body 225 described above with reference to FIG. 4. Basic tank systems 1160 can be added to the tank body 225 to produce a basic tank assembly 1190. The basic tank systems 1160 can include the basic tank portion 660 of the fuel outlet manifold 230 (FIG. 6), the basic tank portion 860 of the fuel inlet manifold 240 (FIG. 8), the basic tank portion 960 of the vent manifold 250 (FIG. 9), and the fuel gauging system 260 (FIG. 10).

The basic tank assembly 1190 of FIG. 11A can form the basis of a number of different tank configurations. For example, referring to FIG. 11B, in one embodiment, manifold extension systems 1132 can be added to the basic tank assembly 1190 to produce the end tank assembly 122 described above with reference to FIGS. 1-3. The manifold extension systems 1132 can include the extension portion 632 of the fuel outlet manifold 230 (FIG. 6), the extension portion 832 of the fuel inlet manifold 240 (FIG. 8), and the extension portion 932 of the vent manifold 250 (FIG. 9). Referring next to FIG. 11C, in another embodiment, two sets of the manifold extension systems 1132 can be added to the basic tank assembly 1190 to produce the mid tank assembly 121 described above with reference to FIGS. 1 and 3.

Referring next to FIG. 11D, in a further embodiment, master tank systems 1170 can be added to the basic tank assembly 1190 to produce a single master tank assembly 1122. The master tank systems 1170 can include the master tank portion 670 of the fuel outlet manifold 230 (FIG. 6), the master tank portion 870 of the fuel inlet manifold 240 (FIG. 8), and the master tank portion 970 of the vent manifold 250 (FIG. 9). In one embodiment, the single master tank assembly 1122 can be a master tank assembly that is configured for individual use without any corresponding slave tank assemblies. Alternatively, referring to FIG. 11E, in yet another embodiment, the manifold extension systems 1132 can be added to the single master tank assembly 1122 to create the master tank assembly 120 described above with reference to FIGS. 2-10.

From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that specific embodiments of the invention have been described herein for purposes of illustration, but that various modifications may be made without deviating from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is not limited except as by the appended claims. 

1. An aircraft fuel outlet manifold comprising: a duct having a fuel inlet configured to draw fuel out of a tank; and a valve assembly operably coupled to the duct, wherein the valve assembly is configured to at least reduce the flow of fuel through the inlet when fuel in the tank drops to or below a selected level.
 2. The fuel outlet manifold of claim 1 wherein the valve assembly is configured to be positioned in the tank at least proximate to the fuel inlet.
 3. The fuel outlet manifold of claim 1 wherein the valve assembly includes: a valve movably positioned in the duct; and a fuel level sensor operably coupled to the valve, wherein the fuel level sensor is configured to close the valve and at least reduce the flow of fuel through the inlet when fuel in the tank drops to or below the selected level.
 4. The fuel outlet manifold of claim 1 wherein the valve assembly includes: a valve movably positioned in the duct; and a float operably coupled to the valve, wherein movement of the float causes the valve to move between a first position in which the duct is at least approximately open and a second position in which the duct is at least approximately closed.
 5. The fuel outlet manifold of claim 4 wherein the float is mechanically coupled to the valve.
 6. The fuel outlet manifold of claim 4 wherein the float is electronically coupled to the valve.
 7. The fuel outlet manifold of claim 1 wherein the valve assembly includes: a valve rotatably mounted in the duct; and a float operably coupled to the valve, wherein movement of the float causes the valve to rotate between a first position in which the duct is at least approximately open and a second position in which the duct is at least approximately closed.
 8. The fuel outlet manifold of claim 1 wherein the valve assembly includes: a valve rotatably mounted in the duct; a float operably coupled to the valve, wherein the float is configured to move toward an upper position causing the valve to rotate in a first direction to at least approximately open the duct when fuel in the tank is at or above a first level, and wherein the float is further configured to move from the upper position toward a lower position causing the valve to rotate in a second direction to at least approximately close the duct when fuel in the tank drops from the first level toward a second level.
 9. The fuel outlet manifold of claim 1 wherein the duct is a first duct having a first fuel inlet and the valve assembly is a first valve assembly operably coupled to the first duct, and wherein the fuel outlet manifold further comprises: a second duct having a second fuel inlet configured to draw fuel out of the tank; and a second valve assembly operably coupled to the second duct, wherein the second valve assembly is configured to at least reduce the flow of fuel through the second fuel inlet when fuel in the tank drops to or below the selected level.
 10. The fuel outlet manifold of claim 1 wherein the duct is a first duct configured to transfer fuel out of a first tank via a first fuel inlet, wherein the valve assembly is a first valve assembly operably coupled to the first duct, and wherein the fuel outlet manifold further comprises: a second duct having a second fuel inlet configured to draw fuel out of a second tank positioned adjacent to the first tank; and a second valve assembly operably coupled to the second duct, wherein the second valve assembly is configured to at least reduce the flow of fuel through the second fuel inlet when fuel in the second tank drops to or below a selected level.
 11. An aircraft system comprising: a tank body configured to hold fuel in a fuselage; a duct having a fuel inlet positioned in the tank body, the duct being configured to transfer fuel out of the tank body via the fuel inlet; and a valve assembly operably coupled to the duct, wherein the valve assembly is configured to at least reduce the flow of fuel through the duct when fuel in the tank body drops to or below a selected level.
 12. The aircraft system of claim 11 wherein the tank body includes beveled corner portions configured to at least approximately follow the contour of a cargo compartment of the fuselage.
 13. The aircraft system of claim 11 wherein the fuel inlet is positioned at least proximate to a sump portion of the tank body, the sump portion defining a lowermost fuel-carrying portion of the tank body.
 14. The aircraft system of claim 11 wherein the tank body is a first tank body, the duct is a first duct, and the valve assembly is a first valve assembly, and wherein the aircraft system further comprises: a second tank body positioned at least proximate to the first tank body; a second duct having a second fuel inlet configured to transfer fuel out of the second tank body; and a second valve assembly operably coupled to the second duct, wherein the second valve assembly is configured to at least reduce the flow of fuel through the second duct when fuel in the second tank body drops to or below a selected level.
 15. The aircraft system of claim 11 wherein the valve assembly includes: a valve movably positioned in the duct; and a float movably positioned in the tank body and operably coupled to the valve, wherein movement of the float causes the valve to move between a first position in which the duct is at least approximately open and a second position in which the duct is at least approximately closed.
 16. The aircraft system of claim 11, further comprising the fuselage.
 17. A method for providing fuel to at least one of an engine and an aerial refueling manifold on an aircraft, the method comprising: drawing fuel through a duct having a fuel inlet positioned in an auxiliary fuel tank assembly on the aircraft; and automatically closing a valve in the duct before fuel in the tank assembly drops below the fuel inlet to avoid ingesting a gaseous substance into the duct.
 18. The method of claim 17 wherein drawing fuel through a duct includes drawing fuel through a fuel inlet positioned in an auxiliary fuel tank assembly removably installed in a fuselage of the aircraft.
 19. The method of claim 17 wherein drawing fuel through a duct includes drawing fuel through a fuel inlet positioned in an auxiliary fuel tank assembly removably installed in a cargo compartment of the aircraft.
 20. The method of claim 17 wherein drawing fuel through a duct includes operating a fuel transfer pump positioned in the auxiliary fuel tank assembly and operably coupled to the duct.
 21. The method of claim 17 wherein automatically closing a valve in the duct includes mechanically closing a valve by movement of a float operably coupled to the valve.
 22. The method of claim 17 wherein automatically closing a valve in the duct includes electrically closing a valve in response to a signal from an associated fuel level sensor.
 23. The method of claim 17 wherein drawing fuel through a duct includes drawing fuel through a first duct having a first fuel inlet positioned in the auxiliary fuel tank assembly, wherein automatically closing a valve includes automatically closing a first valve in the first duct, and wherein the method further comprises: drawing fuel through a second duct having a second fuel inlet positioned in the auxiliary fuel tank assembly; and automatically closing a second valve in the second duct before the fuel in the tank assembly drops below the second fuel inlet to avoid ingesting a gaseous substance into the second duct.
 24. The method of claim 17 wherein drawing fuel through a duct includes drawing fuel through a first duct of a fuel outlet manifold, the first duct having a first fuel inlet positioned in a first auxiliary fuel tank assembly, wherein automatically closing a valve includes automatically closing a valve in the first duct, and wherein the method further comprises drawing fuel through a second duct of the fuel outlet manifold, the second duct having a second fuel inlet positioned in a second auxiliary fuel tank assembly.
 25. The method of claim 17 wherein drawing fuel through a duct includes drawing fuel through a first duct of a fuel outlet manifold, the first duct having a first fuel inlet positioned in a first auxiliary fuel tank assembly, wherein automatically closing a valve includes automatically closing a first valve in the first duct, and wherein the method further comprises: drawing fuel through a second duct of the fuel outlet manifold, the second duct having a second fuel inlet positioned in a second auxiliary fuel tank assembly; and automatically closing a second valve in the second duct before fuel in the second tank assembly drops below the second fuel inlet to avoid ingesting a gaseous substance into the outlet manifold.
 26. A system for providing fuel to at least one of an engine and an aerial refueling manifold on an aircraft, the system comprising: fuel tank means for carrying fuel in an aircraft; duct means for transferring fuel from the fuel tank means to at least one of the engine and the aerial refueling manifold via a fuel inlet positioned in the fuel tank means; and valve means for automatically closing the duct means before fuel in the fuel tank means drops below the fuel inlet to avoid ingesting a gaseous substance into the duct means.
 27. The system of claim 26, further comprising pump means for pumping fuel out of the fuel tank means via the duct means, wherein the pump means is positioned in the fuel tank means and operably coupled to the duct means.
 28. The system of claim 26 wherein the duct means are first duct means for transferring fuel from the fuel tank means via a first fuel inlet, wherein the valve means are first valve means for automatically closing the first duct means before fuel in the fuel tank means drops below the first fuel inlet, and wherein the system further comprises: second duct means for transferring fuel from the fuel tank means to at least one of the engine and the aerial refueling manifold via a second fuel inlet positioned in the fuel tank means; and second valve means for automatically closing the second duct means before fuel in the fuel tank means drops below the second fuel inlet to avoid ingesting a gaseous substance into the second duct means.
 29. The system of claim 26 wherein the fuel tank means are first fuel tank means, wherein the duct means are first duct means for transferring fuel from the first fuel tank means via a first fuel inlet positioned in the first fuel tank means, wherein the valve means are first valve means for automatically closing the first duct before fuel in the first fuel tank means drops below the first fuel inlet, and wherein the system further comprises: second fuel tank means for carrying fuel in the aircraft; second duct means for transferring fuel from the second fuel tank means to at least one of the engine and the aerial refueling manifold via a second fuel inlet positioned in the second fuel tank means; and second valve means for automatically closing the second duct means before fuel in the second fuel tank means drops below the second fuel inlet to avoid ingesting a gaseous substance into the second duct means.
 30. The system of claim 26 wherein the fuel tank means are first fuel tank means, wherein the duct means are first duct means for transferring fuel from the first fuel tank means via a first fuel inlet positioned in the first fuel tank means, wherein the valve means are first valve means for automatically closing the first duct before fuel in the first fuel tank means drops below the first fuel inlet, and wherein the system further comprises: second fuel tank means for carrying fuel in the aircraft; second duct means for transferring fuel from the second fuel tank means to at least one of the engine and the aerial refueling manifold via a second fuel inlet positioned in the second fuel tank means; and second valve means for automatically closing the second duct means before fuel in the second fuel tank means drops below the second fuel inlet to avoid ingesting a gaseous substance into the second duct means, wherein the first fuel tank means is removably positioned in a fuselage of the aircraft and the second fuel tank means is removably positioned in the fuselage at least proximate to the first fuel tank means.
 31. The system of claim 26 wherein the fuel tank means are first fuel tank means, wherein the duct means are first duct means for transferring fuel from the first fuel tank means via a first fuel inlet positioned in the first fuel tank means, wherein the valve means are first valve means for automatically closing the first duct before fuel in the first fuel tank means drops below the first fuel inlet, and wherein the system further comprises: second fuel tank means for carrying fuel in the aircraft; second duct means for transferring fuel from the second fuel tank means to at least one of the engine and the aerial refueling manifold via a second fuel inlet positioned in the second fuel tank means; and second valve means for automatically closing the second duct means before fuel in the second fuel tank means drops below the second fuel inlet to avoid ingesting a gaseous substance into the second duct means, wherein the first and second duct means are operably coupled to a common manifold means. 